three-judge courts

three-judge courts
Most cases in federal district courts are heard and determined by only a single judge. For many years, however, Congress has provided for a special three-judge panel in certain categories of cases thought to require special safeguards against arbitrary action, with direct review in the Supreme Court. Three judges are required in condemnation suits involving the TVA, 16 U.S.C.A. Section 831X, and in certain actions under the 1964 Civil Rights and 1965 Voting Rights Acts, 42 U.S.C.A. Sections 1971(g), 1973h(c), 2000a-5(b). Of most significance, however, were 28 U.S.C.A. Sections 2281 and 2282, which required three judges in suits to enjoin enforcement of state or federal statutes, or state administrative orders, on constitutional grounds. Sections 2281 and 2282 were however repealed in 1976 and No. 2284 amended to restrict the convening of three-judge courts to when otherwise required by Congress, or to when an action is filed challenging the constitutionality of congressional apportionment or the apportionment of any statewide legislative body

Black's law dictionary. . 1990.

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